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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles01:24

Microbes and Other Elemental Cycles

Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Bulk and Thin Film Synthesis of Compositionally Variant Entropy-stabilized Oxides
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Artificial ferroic systems: novel functionality from structure, interactions and dynamics.

L J Heyderman1, R L Stamps

  • 1Laboratory for Mesoscopic Systems, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland. laura.heyderman@psi.ch

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|August 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Advanced lithography enables patterned ferroic materials with emergent properties. These artificial spin systems offer new functionalities through collective dynamics and interactions, paving the way for novel spin electronic devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Advancements in lithographic processing allow for high-definition, sub-micrometer patterned ferroic materials.
  • Interactions between individual elements in these arrays lead to emergent functionalities and novel collective behaviors.
  • Artificial ferroic systems exhibit properties distinct from their constituent components due to engineered designs and interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the field of artificial spin systems, focusing on artificial spin ice and its phenomena.
  • To discuss high-frequency phenomena, including spinwave excitations in magnonic crystals.
  • To explore the potential of functional ferroic composites and artificial multiferroics for advanced applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing dipolar-coupled nanomagnets in artificial spin systems.
  • Investigating demagnetization protocols for ground state achievement and thermal activation.
  • Analyzing spinwave excitations in magnonic crystals constructed from patterned magnetic elements.

Main Results:

  • Artificial spin ice exhibits emergent magnetic monopoles, ordered macrospin domains, and avalanche behavior due to inherent frustration.
  • High-frequency studies reveal potential applications in magnetic logic, microwave optics, and efficient switching.
  • Artificial multiferroics demonstrate promise for electric field control of magnetism and responsive devices.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering nanostructures with interacting ferroic components enhances functionality.
  • Opportunities exist for novel spin electronic devices utilizing magnetic charges and reprogrammable nanomagnets.
  • Artificial ferroic materials offer pathways for advanced microwave and terahertz signal processing.