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Introduction to Special Senses

Introduction to Special Senses

Sensory receptors play an integral part in comprehending our external and internal environments. They receive diverse stimuli, converting them into the nervous system's electrochemical signals. This conversion occurs as the stimulus alters the sensory neuron's cell membrane potential, instigating the generation of an action potential. This action potential is subsequently transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), which integrates with other sensory data or higher cognitive functions.

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

Published on: October 10, 2020

Psychophysics of kinesthesis.

R G Marteniuk¹, M L Ryan

¹a School of Physical Education , The University of British Columbia.

Journal of Motor Behavior

|August 20, 2013

Summary

This study explored kinesthetic perception of arm movement extent. Results indicate judgments rely on positional cues, not amplitude, suggesting a metathetic sensory process.

Area of Science:

Psychology
Human Kinesthetics
Sensory Perception

Background:

Understanding the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological perception is crucial in sensory science.
Kinesthetic extent of arm movement involves complex sensory processing.
Previous research by Stevens (1957) established criteria for classifying sensory continua as prothetic or metathetic.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between the physical stimulus continuum and the psychological continuum of kinesthetic extent of arm movement.
To determine if kinesthetic extent judgments are based on amplitude or positional cues.
To classify the sensory process underlying kinesthetic extent judgments.

Main Methods:

Participants performed a horizontal straight-arm movement task.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

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Published on: October 10, 2020

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

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A power function was used to model the relationship between physical stimulus and perceived extent.

A category scale was derived to classify the sensory continuum.

Main Results:

A power function with an exponent of 1.075 accurately described the relationship between physical and psychological continua.
Kinesthetic extent of arm movement was classified as a metathetic process.
Judgments were found to rely on positional cues rather than amplitude cues.

Conclusions:

The perception of kinesthetic arm movement extent is primarily mediated by positional information.
The findings support the classification of kinesthetic extent as a metathetic sensory continuum.
This research contributes to understanding sensory processing and cue utilization in human movement.