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Sports doping: emerging designer and therapeutic β2-agonists
A G Fragkaki1, C Georgakopoulos, S Sterk
1Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Olympic Athletic Center of Athens "Spyros Louis", Kifisias 37, 15123 Maroussi, Greece.
Summary
Beta2-adrenergic agonists are vital asthma medications. This review covers novel molecule development from 2006-2012, highlighting potential future doping and growth promotion uses.
Area of Science:
- Pharmacology
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Sports Science
Background:
- Beta2-adrenergic agonists (β2-agonists) are crucial bronchodilators for asthma management.
- Their anabolic effects lead to prohibitions by WADA and EU regulations for sports and cattle farming.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review literature on novel β2-agonist molecule development from 2006-2012.
- To identify emerging β2-agonists with potential for doping or growth promotion.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of scientific papers published between 2006 and 2012.
- Analysis of novel β2-agonist molecular modifications and derivative synthesis.
Main Results:
- Development of new β2-agonist molecules through modification of existing drugs.
- Introduction of indole, adamantyl, and phenyl urea derivatives in novel structures.
- Identification of emerging molecules with potential for misuse.
Conclusions:
- Novel β2-agonist development continues, focusing on structural modifications.
- Emerging molecules warrant attention for potential illicit applications in sports and agriculture.
- Continued research is needed to monitor and regulate β2-agonist misuse.
Keywords:
AAFBeta-agonistsCASCOMTCOPDCatechol-O-MethylTransferaseChronic Obstructive Pulmonary DiseaseCourt of Arbitration for SportDesigner drugsDetection methodsDoping controlELISAEUEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEuropean UnionFDAFood and Drug AdministrationHP-TLCHRMSHigh Performance Thin Layer ChromatographyHigh Resolution Mass SpectrometryIACICSImmunoAffinity ChromatographyInhaled CorticosteroidLABALAMALC–MSLODLimit of DetectionLiquid Chromatography–Mass SpectrometryLong-Acting anti-Muscarinic AgentLong-Acting β(2)-AgonistMIPMRPLMinimum Required Performance LimitMolecular Imprinted PolymerMonoAmine OxidasePCIPositive Chemical IonizationRIARadioImmunoAssaySABASPESPRShort-Acting β(2)-AgonistSolid Phase ExtractionSurface Plasmon ResonanceTLCTOFThin Layer ChromatographyTime-of-FlightUPLCUVUltra Pressure (or Performance) Liquid ChromatographyUltravioletVeterinary drugsWADAWorld Anti-Doping Agencyadverse analytical findingΜΑΟ
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