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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

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Related Experiment Video

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Neurochemical changes within human early blind occipital cortex.

K E Weaver1, T L Richards, M Saenz

  • 1Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.

Neuroscience
|August 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Early blindness alters occipital cortex biochemistry, increasing creatine, choline, and myo-inositol while decreasing GABA. These neurochemical changes may drive cross-modal responses in the visual cortex.

Keywords:
ANOVABOLDCSFEBFIDFWHMGMMRSN-acetyl aspartateN-methyl-d-aspartateNAANMDAPETPRESSPosition Resolved SpectroscopyS/NSCWManalysis of varianceblindnessblood-oxygen-level-dependentcerebral spinal fluidcross-modal plasticityearly blindfree-induction decayfull width at half maximumgray mattermagnetic resonance spectroscopyoccipitalpositron emission tomographysighted controlsignal to noise ratiovisual deprivationwhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Early blindness leads to occipital cortex neurons responding to non-visual stimuli.
  • Significant anatomical and neurochemical reorganization occurs in the occipital cortex following visual deprivation.
  • Human studies on the neurochemical effects of early blindness are limited compared to animal models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of early blindness on neurochemical pathways within the human occipital cortex.
  • To characterize specific biochemical alterations associated with cross-modal plasticity in the visual cortex of blind individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) to analyze occipital cortex biochemistry.
  • Compared neurochemical profiles in nine early blind subjects with normally sighted controls.

Main Results:

  • Observed significantly higher levels of creatine, choline, and myo-inositol in the occipital cortex of early blind individuals.
  • Detected indications of lower gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels in the occipital cortex of early blind subjects.
  • Found distinct biochemical differences in the occipital cortex correlating with early-onset blindness.

Conclusions:

  • Early blindness is associated with substantial alterations in occipital cortex neurochemistry.
  • Changes in biochemical pathways, including elevated creatine, choline, myo-inositol, and reduced GABA, may underlie cross-modal functional reorganization in the visual cortex.
  • These findings highlight the role of neurochemical adaptations in the brain's response to visual deprivation.