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Related Concept Videos

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents
09:01

The Double-H Maze: A Robust Behavioral Test for Learning and Memory in Rodents

Published on: July 8, 2015

Declarative and nondeclarative memory: multiple brain systems supporting learning and memory.

L R Squire1

  • 1Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego and Department of Psychiatry, University of California School of Medicine.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|August 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores biological memory, contrasting conscious (declarative) and unconscious (non-declarative) memory systems. Evidence shows these distinct memory types rely on separate brain networks, supporting a brain-systems framework.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Biological Psychology

Background:

  • Memory is not a monolithic entity but comprises multiple forms.
  • Distinguishing between conscious and unconscious memory processes is crucial for understanding brain function.
  • Previous research suggests different memory types may involve distinct neural substrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To biologically differentiate between fact-and-event (declarative/explicit) memory and non-conscious (non-declarative/implicit) memory abilities.
  • To review evidence supporting separate operating characteristics and brain systems for declarative and non-declarative memory.
  • To develop a brain-systems framework for memory phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Review of lesion studies in rats, monkeys, and humans.
  • Analysis of studies using the divided visual field technique in normal humans.
  • Integration of data from event-related potentials (ERPs) and positron emission tomography (PET) scans.

Main Results:

  • Declarative and non-declarative memory forms exhibit different operational characteristics.
  • Evidence strongly indicates that these memory forms depend on distinct neural systems within the brain.
  • Lesion studies and neuroimaging techniques consistently differentiate the neural bases of various memory types.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple memory systems exist, each with unique biological underpinnings.
  • A brain-systems approach is essential for a comprehensive understanding of memory.
  • Further research integrating lesion data and neuroimaging will refine this framework.