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Hydration of Cement

Hydration of Cement

Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

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Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

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Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...

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Computation of Atmospheric Concentrations of Molecular Clusters from ab initio Thermochemistry

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Basics of compounding: compounding with hydrates and solvates.

¹International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding, Edmond, Oklahoma.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding

|August 23, 2013

Summary

Pharmacists must verify ingredient purity and form, accounting for water content in solvates or hydrates. Accurate compounding requires careful consideration of drug form (base, salt, ester) and water presence for precise preparation strength.

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Solubility of Hydrophobic Compounds in Aqueous Solution Using Combinations of Self-assembling Peptide and Amino Acid

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Published on: September 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Pharmaceutical Sciences
Compounding Pharmacy
Drug Formulation

Background:

Pharmacists must ensure the accuracy and safety of compounded preparations.
Understanding the physical and chemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the critical importance of ingredient verification in pharmaceutical compounding.
To educate pharmacists on factors affecting drug strength, particularly water content.

Main Methods:

Review of pharmaceutical compounding principles.
Emphasis on interpreting Certificates of Analysis (CoA).
Discussion of ingredient properties like hydration and solvate forms.

Main Results:

The form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) (e.g., base, salt, ester) impacts dosage calculations.
Water content in solvated or hydrated ingredients significantly affects the final preparation's strength.
Accurate weighing and packaging are essential for maintaining drug potency.

Conclusions:

Verification of ingredient purity, form, and water content is paramount for safe and effective compounding.
Pharmacists must utilize Certificates of Analysis to ensure accurate drug strength.
This article serves as a foundational guide to critical compounding considerations.