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Updated: May 8, 2026

The &alpha;-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva
11:22

The α-test: Rapid Cell-free CD4 Enumeration Using Whole Saliva

Published on: May 16, 2012

Using conventional HIV tests on oral fluid.

K Fransen1, T Vermoesen, G Beelaert

  • 1Department of Clinical Science, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.

Journal of Virological Methods
|August 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study evaluated non-invasive oral fluid tests for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) detection. Adapted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) show promise for accessible HIV testing, improving epidemiological reach.

Keywords:
HIV surveillanceHIV testsOral fluidSaliva

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Amplifying and Quantifying HIV-1 RNA in HIV Infected Individuals with Viral Loads Below the Limit of Detection by Standard Clinical Assays

Published on: September 26, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology and Infectious Diseases
  • Diagnostic Assay Development
  • Public Health and Epidemiology

Background:

  • Need for accessible, large-scale human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing programs.
  • Limitations of traditional blood-based testing methods.
  • Potential of non-invasive oral fluid sampling for broader HIV screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the performance of three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and one line immunoassay for detecting HIV antibodies in oral fluid.
  • Assess the impact of modified protocols, storage conditions, and pre-sampling fluid intake on test accuracy.
  • Propose suitable testing algorithms for oral fluid-based HIV screening.

Main Methods:

  • Evaluation of three HIV ELISAs and one line immunoassay using oral fluid samples from 325 individuals.
  • Collection of oral fluid specimens using the Oracol device.
  • Comparison of oral fluid test results with gold standard serum testing; assessment of modified protocols, cut-offs, and storage stability.

Main Results:

  • Adapted ELISAs demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for HIV detection in oral fluid, with no significant difference between tests.
  • Oral fluid samples remained stable for testing up to seven days at room temperature.
  • Pre-sampling water intake did not interfere with test results, and no positive samples were missed.

Conclusions:

  • Commercial ELISAs, with adapted protocols and cut-off values, are suitable for accessible HIV testing using non-invasive oral fluid samples.
  • Non-invasive oral fluid testing can significantly broaden the reach of HIV testing programs and epidemiological studies.
  • The INNO-LIA HIV I/II score shows promise for confirmatory testing of reactive oral fluid specimens, pending further validation.