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Related Concept Videos

Data Collection by Survey01:07

Data Collection by Survey

The systematic method of obtaining and analyzing accurate information of a population is called data collection. A survey is a standard method of data collection that involves collecting information from a target human population about their experience, opinion, or knowledge of a product, service, or process. The responses are recorded and interpreted. The most common survey examples are written questionnaires, face-to-face or telephonic conversations, focus groups, and electronic (e-mail or...
Surveys02:16

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
Pharmacovigilance01:19

Pharmacovigilance

Post-marketing surveillance is a critical component of pharmaceutical regulation, often uncovering unanticipated adverse drug reactions (ADRs) once a drug is widely used over an extended period.
This process, termed pharmacovigilance, aims to detect, evaluate, and minimize harmful effects related to medication use. The data collection for pharmacovigilance depends on spontaneous reporting systems, where healthcare professionals or patients voluntarily report suspected ADRs.
In some cases, there...
Dose-Response Relationship: Overview01:03

Dose-Response Relationship: Overview

Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy01:22

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it produces...
Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity01:25

Dose-Response Relationship: Selectivity and Specificity

Drugs exert their therapeutic effects by interacting with receptors, enzymes, or ion channels that are present throughout the human body. The strength and duration of the interaction between a drug and its target receptor are characterized by the selectivity and specificity of the drug. Selectivity refers to a drug's strong preference for its intended target over other targets. For instance, isoprenaline, a non-selective β-adrenergic agonist, interacts with both β1- and β2-adrenergic receptors...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Do additional recontacts to increase response rate improve physician survey data quality?

Gordon B Willis1, Tenbroeck Smith, Hyunshik J Lee

  • 1*National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD †American Cancer Society Inc., Atlanta, GA ‡Westat, Rockville, MD.

Medical Care
|August 24, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Physician survey nonresponse bias is not significantly reduced by multiple recontact attempts. Limiting follow-ups and increasing initial sample size may improve efficiency and control survey error.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Survey Methodology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Physician survey response rates are declining.
  • The impact of declining rates on survey nonresponse bias is unclear.
  • Level-of-effort analysis can assess bias by comparing early and late respondents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of respondent recontact attempts on survey nonresponse bias.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of multiple recruitment cycles in improving data quality for physician surveys.

Main Methods:

  • Compared early and later responders in the Survey of Physician Attitudes Regarding the Care of Cancer Survivors.
  • Analyzed demographic characteristics and survey responses on cancer survivor care knowledge, attitudes, and practices.

Main Results:

  • Weighted response rates increased with each contact attempt (35.0% to 57.6%).
  • Key data distributions remained largely unchanged across recontact cycles.
  • Additional recontacts had minimal impact on reducing nonresponse bias.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple respondent recontact attempts, particularly beyond one, are ineffective at reducing nonresponse bias in physician surveys.
  • Increasing initial sample size and limiting follow-up to one recontact may be more cost-effective.
  • Accepting a slightly lower overall response rate can control total survey error and improve efficiency.