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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

Acquisition of Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data in the Rat

Published on: August 28, 2021

Equine anesthesia: triple drip.

Gigi S Davidson¹

¹College of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital Pharmacy, Raleigh, North Carolina, North Carolina State University.

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding

|August 24, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Veterinary anesthesia for horses presents challenges. This study explores xylazine and ketamine combinations, including Triple Drip, for safe and effective equine anesthesia, aiding veterinarians and pharmacists.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Pharmacology

Background:

Anesthetizing large animals like horses is complex for veterinarians and pharmacists.
Effective anesthesia protocols are crucial for equine surgical procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss intravenous anesthesia techniques for horses using specific drug combinations.
To highlight the role of compounding pharmacists in equine veterinary care.

Main Methods:

Review of anesthetic techniques involving xylazine and ketamine.
Discussion of combinations: xylazine-ketamine, xylazine-diazepam-ketamine, and xylazine-ketamine-guaifenesin (Triple Drip).

Main Results:

Xylazine and ketamine provide short-term unconsciousness.
Adding diazepam enhances sedation and muscle relaxation.
Triple Drip offers up to 1-hour of unconsciousness.

Conclusions:

Specific drug combinations offer tailored anesthetic solutions for horses.
Compounding pharmacists are vital for preparing sterile anesthetic compounds for challenging equine cases.