Fish as research tools: alternatives to in vivo experiments

Area of Science:

• Animal research ethics
• Aquatic animal models
• Scientific methodology

Background:

• Fish use in research is rising globally, driven by aquaculture expansion and concerns over mammalian model welfare.
• Fish are increasingly considered for research due to their lower evolutionary status, offering potential for the Three Rs (refinement, reduction, replacement).
• Evidence indicates fish experience nociception and pain, necessitating adherence to the Three Rs principles for fish as well.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive critical overview of existing alternatives to live fish in experimental studies.
• To guide scientists in selecting appropriate alternative methods for their research.
• To promote the reduction and replacement of live fish use in scientific research.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on alternative methods for fish research.
• Categorization of alternatives including cell/tissue cultures, organ/perfusion models, embryonic models, and in silico approaches.
• Critical evaluation of the applicability and effectiveness of these alternative methods.

Main Results:

• Identified a range of alternative methods to live fish experimentation.
• Detailed descriptions of cell and tissue cultures, organ and perfusion models, embryonic models, and in silico computer/mathematical models.
• Highlighted the potential of these alternatives to replace or reduce the use of live fish.

Conclusions:

• The development and adoption of alternatives are crucial for ethical research practices involving vertebrate animals.
• Scientists can be guided towards appropriate alternative methods to minimize live fish use.
• A comprehensive approach utilizing various non-animal models can significantly reduce reliance on live fish in research.