Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids01:28

Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acid biosynthesis is a fundamental biochemical process that produces the purine and pyrimidine nucleotides essential for DNA and RNA synthesis. This pathway maintains a balanced nucleotide pool, preventing imbalances that could jeopardize genetic integrity and cellular function. Given the crucial role of nucleotides, their synthesis is tightly regulated to ensure proper cellular homeostasis.Purine BiosynthesisThe biosynthesis of purine nucleotides begins with ribose-5-phosphate, a...
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways01:29

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Biosynthesis in Bacteria01:24

Biosynthesis in Bacteria

Biosynthesis in bacteria is a fundamental anabolic process that generates essential macromolecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides. These macromolecules are critical for cellular growth, replication, and function. The process is tightly regulated and energetically linked to catabolic pathways to ensure optimal resource utilization.Biosynthetic pathways begin with precursor metabolites such as pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and glucose-6-phosphate derived from glycolysis,...
Biosynthesis of Lipids01:29

Biosynthesis of Lipids

Microbial membranes exhibit remarkable diversity in lipid composition, reflecting evolutionary adaptations to various environmental conditions. The three domains of life—Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya—synthesize membrane lipids through distinct biosynthetic pathways, leading to fundamental structural differences that impact membrane stability, function, and adaptability.Fatty Acid-Based Lipids in Bacteria and EukaryaBacteria and eukaryotes share a common fatty acid biosynthesis pathway, which...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

MerTK Inhibition Aggravates Pancreatic Inflammation and Structural Damage via the NF-κB Pathway in an in vivo Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model.

Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy·2026
Same author

Pirfenidone Ameliorates Paraquat-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via miR-9-8974-5p/RGS2 Axis.

Advanced biology·2026
Same author

Development of GS-441524 Derivatives as Potent SARS-CoV-2 Mac1 Inhibitors via a Direct-to-Biology Approach.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

A ratiometric fluorescent reporter of mitochondrial sodium.

Nature chemical biology·2026
Same author

YAP mediates activation of the serine synthesis pathway in the heart during pressure overload.

Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology·2026
Same author

The Dual-Function of CtrNAC019-CtrNPF2.1 Module in Salt Tolerance and Nitrogen Use Efficiency Via Enhancing Vacuolar Chloride Sequestration and Nitrate Efflux in Citrus trifoliata.

Plant biotechnology journal·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

The biosynthesis and biological function of diphthamide.

Xiaoyang Su1, Zhewang Lin, Hening Lin

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University , Ithaca , USA.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diphthamide, a unique modification on elongation factor 2, is crucial for cellular processes and recognized by bacterial toxins. Recent research clarifies its complex biosynthesis and biological roles.

More Related Videos

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways
09:27

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products
07:59

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

Published on: October 4, 2019

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways
09:27

Functional Complementation Analysis (FCA): A Laboratory Exercise Designed and Implemented to Supplement the Teaching of Biochemical Pathways

Published on: June 24, 2016

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization
15:22

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

Published on: April 3, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic and archaeal elongation factor 2 possesses a unique post-translational modification: diphthamide.
  • Diphthamide biosynthesis is an evolutionarily conserved, multi-step pathway in eukaryotes.
  • Bacterial toxins like diphtheria toxin target diphthamide, highlighting its pathological relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of diphthamide biosynthesis.
  • To explore the known and potential biological functions of diphthamide.
  • To consolidate recent advancements in diphthamide research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genetic and biochemical studies.
  • Analysis of research on toxin-pathogen interactions.
  • Synthesis of recent findings on diphthamide synthesis and function.

Main Results:

  • Diphthamide biosynthesis involves a conserved, complex pathway.
  • The physiological role of diphthamide remains incompletely understood.
  • Recent studies offer new insights into its synthesis and biological significance.

Conclusions:

  • Diphthamide is a vital modification with implications in both normal cellular function and disease.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the physiological functions of diphthamide.
  • Understanding diphthamide biosynthesis and function is critical for addressing bacterial toxin effects.