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Related Concept Videos

Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
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DNA polymerase I: structure, activity, and function in bacterial DNA replication and repair.

Frances Caroline Lowder1, Lyle A Simmons1

  • 1Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
|June 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Bacterial DNA polymerase I (Pol I) plays a crucial role in genome maintenance. This review highlights how Pol I functions differ between bacterial species, revealing evolutionary adaptations in DNA replication and repair.

Keywords:
Bacterial DNA replicationDNA polymerase IKlenow fragmentOkazaki fragment maturationbacterial DNA repairflap endonuclease

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Genome maintenance, including DNA replication and repair, is vital for all life.
  • DNA polymerases are key proteins mediating these processes, with variations in active site and substrate specificity.
  • Bacterial DNA polymerase I (Pol I) has been traditionally viewed as essential for Okazaki fragment maturation and DNA repair, primarily based on studies in *Escherichia coli*.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the structural features of bacterial Pol I and its enzymatic activities in genome maintenance.
  • To explore functional diversity and evolutionary adaptations of Pol I across different bacterial lineages.
  • To challenge the universality of Pol I functions by focusing on gram-positive bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing historical and recent discoveries.
  • Analysis of structural features and enzymatic activities of bacterial Pol I.
  • Comparative examination of Pol I functions in gram-negative versus gram-positive bacteria, specifically *Bacillus subtilis* and *Geobacillus stearothermophilus*.

Main Results:

  • Bacterial Pol I exhibits distinct enzymatic activities contributing to genome maintenance.
  • Significant differences exist in Pol I functions between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
  • Evidence from gram-positive bacteria suggests lineage-specific adaptations in DNA replication and repair mechanisms mediated by Pol I.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial Pol I is crucial for genome maintenance, but its functions are not universal across all bacterial species.
  • Evolutionary diversification has led to lineage-specific adaptations in Pol I's role in DNA metabolism.
  • Understanding these variations is key to comprehending the breadth of bacterial DNA replication and repair strategies.