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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps

To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail paint...
Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment

Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated.
PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing01:10

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings II: Doffing

The sequence of removing or doffing PPE starts with the gloves, as they are the most contaminated. Next is removal of the face shield or goggles, as they would interfere with removing other PPE. Then remove the gown, followed by the mask or respirator. Perform hand hygiene between steps if hands become contaminated and immediately after removing all PPE. Generally, the outside front and sleeves of the isolation gown, the goggles or the mask, the respirator, and the face shield are contaminated.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
09:02

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens

Published on: June 7, 2017

A multicenter study using positive deviance for improving hand hygiene compliance.

Alexandre R Marra1, Danilo Teixeira Noritomi, Adilson J Westheimer Cavalcante

  • 1Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.

American Journal of Infection Control
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Positive deviance (PD) significantly improved hand hygiene (HH) compliance in hospitals. This strategy also reduced healthcare-associated infections and patient length of stay, demonstrating its value in clinical settings.

Keywords:
Health care-associated infectionSafety patient

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Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics
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Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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10:42

Design to Implementation Study for Development and Patient Validation of Paper-Based Toehold Switch Diagnostics

Published on: June 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Healthcare quality improvement
  • Infection control
  • Patient safety

Background:

  • Hand hygiene (HH) compliance is crucial for preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).
  • Positive deviance (PD) offers a potential strategy to enhance HH compliance in clinical environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a Positive deviance (PD) intervention on hand hygiene (HH) compliance.
  • To assess the impact of the PD intervention on the incidence of device-associated infections and patient length of stay.

Main Methods:

  • A multi-center study involving 8 intensive care units and 1 ward across 7 hospitals.
  • Two phases: a 3-month baseline (preintervention) and an 8-month intervention period implementing PD.
  • Evaluation of HH observations, HH product consumption, and incidence density of HAIs.

Main Results:

  • Overall HH compliance increased significantly from 46.5% to 62.0% (P < .001) with the PD intervention.
  • A statistically significant reduction in device-associated infections (13.2 vs 7.5 per 1,000 patient-days, P = .039).
  • Median length of stay decreased significantly from 11.0 to 6.8 days (P < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Positive deviance (PD) is a promising strategy for improving hand hygiene (HH) compliance in diverse inpatient settings.
  • The PD intervention was associated with significant reductions in device-associated HAIs and patient length of stay.