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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Selenium and the thyroid.

Josef Köhrle1

  • 1Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany. josef.koehrle@charite.de

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
|August 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selenium is crucial for thyroid health, supporting hormone function and preventing diseases like goiter. Supplementation benefits patients with autoimmune thyroid conditions, improving well-being and reducing antibodies.

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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse

Published on: October 6, 2023

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The thyroid gland requires essential trace elements for optimal function.
  • Selenium plays a vital role in thyroid hormone synthesis, secretion, and metabolism.
  • Nutritional deficiencies can impact thyroid health across all age groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of selenium in thyroid hormone regulation.
  • To discuss the impact of selenium supplementation on thyroid diseases.
  • To highlight selenium's benefits in autoimmune thyroid conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review of prospective, placebo-controlled supplementation studies.
  • Analysis of clinical outcomes and antibody titres in patients.
  • Evaluation of selenium's role in thyroid health from development to aging.

Main Results:

  • Selenium supplementation improves clinical scores and well-being in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis and mild Graves' disease.
  • Selenium administration reduces autoimmune antibody titres in affected individuals.
  • Adequate selenium intake is essential for thyroid health throughout life.

Conclusions:

  • Selenium is an essential trace element for maintaining thyroid function.
  • Supplementation with selenium compounds can prevent thyroid diseases and benefit autoimmune thyroid conditions.
  • A balanced supply of selenium, iodine, and iron is critical for thyroid health across the lifespan.