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Related Concept Videos

Plasmodesmata02:32

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Plasmodesmata01:20

Plasmodesmata

In a multicellular organism, cells must communicate to work together in a coordinated manner. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.
Intercellular junctions are a feature of fungal, plant, and animal cells. However, different types of junctions are found in different kinds of cells. Intercellular junctions found in animal cells include tight junctions, gap junctions, and...
Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
In animal cells, gap junctions are formed...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana
05:54

Confocal Microscopy Analysis of Protein Sorting to Plasmodesmata in Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: November 1, 2024

Plasmodesmata dynamics are coordinated by intracellular signaling pathways.

Jacob O Brunkard1, Anne M Runkel, Patricia C Zambryski

  • 1Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|August 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Plasmodesmata (PD) are channels connecting plant cells. Recent studies reveal chloroplasts coordinate PD transport, impacting plant development and physiology.

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Plasmodesmata (PD) are membrane-lined channels connecting adjacent plant cells.
  • PD facilitate intercellular transport of molecules, proteins, and RNA.
  • PD are crucial for plant development, signaling, and defense.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plasmodesmata (PD) transport.
  • To understand how PD transport impacts chloroplast biology.
  • To identify genes and proteins involved in PD function and their influence on plant physiology.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic screens for mutants with altered PD transport.
  • Manipulation of PD-localized protein expression.
  • Analysis of gene expression related to PD function and plant development.

Main Results:

  • Genetic screens identified genes linking chloroplasts to PD transport regulation.
  • Altered PD transport significantly impacts chloroplast biology.
  • Newly discovered PD-localized proteins influence development, signaling, and pathogen defense.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmodesmata (PD) function and formation are intricately linked with chloroplast activity.
  • PD play a vital role in coordinating intercellular transport and plant physiological processes.
  • PD are essential for tissue patterning, development, intracellular signaling, and plant defense mechanisms.