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Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis II: Clinical Features and Diagnostic Tests

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart muscle. The symptoms vary widely, encompassing asymptomatic presentations to severe, acute manifestations.Clinical PresentationAsymptomatic cases: In some instances, myocarditis may be asymptomatic, with the infection resolving without intervention. These cases often go undetected unless discovered incidentally through diagnostic imaging or tests conducted for other reasons.General Early Symptoms: Early symptoms of myocarditis are non-specific and can...

Myocarditis III: Medical Management

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Myocarditis: Comprehensive Medical ManagementMyocarditis, the heart muscle inflammation, requires a comprehensive medical management strategy that addresses the underlying cause, provides supportive care, manages symptoms, and reduces cardiac workload.Infections and Autoimmune CausesAdminister appropriate antimicrobial therapy when an infectious agent causes myocarditis. For instance, penicillin treats infections caused by Group A Streptococcus. In cases where autoimmune processes are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Encephalomyocarditis virus infection in a splenectomised calf.

I S Diallo¹, P D Carter, G Storie

¹Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Health and Food Science Precinct, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, PO Box 156, Archerfield BC, Queensland, 4108, Australia. Ibrahim.diallo@daff.qld.gov.au

Australian Veterinary Journal

|August 29, 2013

Summary

A sudden death in a young calf was linked to encephalomyocarditis (EMC) caused by EMC virus (EMCV). This marks the first confirmed bovine EMCV case in Australia, with genetic links to international strains.

Keywords:

cattle encephalomyocarditis virus polyprotein gene

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In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Area of Science:

Veterinary Pathology
Virology
Molecular Epidemiology

Background:

Encephalomyocarditis (EMC) is a viral disease affecting multiple organs, primarily the heart and brain.
Rodent infestations are a known risk factor for EMC virus (EMCV) transmission.
Splenectomized animals may exhibit increased susceptibility to certain infections.

Observation:

A 5-month-old splenectomized calf on an Australian experimental farm died suddenly.
Postmortem examination revealed severe lung congestion and necrotizing myocarditis.
EMCV was successfully isolated from the affected calf's heart tissue.

Findings:

Polyprotein gene sequencing of the EMCV isolate showed 85-91% identity with known EMCV strains.
Phylogenetic analysis indicated the highest sequence identity with a South Korean EMCV strain (CBNU).
The Australian isolate shared 89% identity with EMCV strains previously identified in Queensland.

Implications:

This study reports the first occurrence of naturally occurring bovine encephalomyocarditis in Australia.
It is the first documented case of bovine EMC from which EMCV has been isolated in Australia.
The findings highlight the potential for EMCV to cause significant disease in Australian cattle and emphasize the importance of rodent control in disease prevention.