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Related Experiment Videos

HIV: early virus-cell interactions.

C Grewe1, A Beck, H R Gelderblom

  • 1Robert Koch-Institut des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Berlin, F.R.G.

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes
|January 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters cells through direct fusion or receptor-mediated endocytosis. These distinct HIV entry pathways are visualized using electron microscopy.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects lymphocytes and macrophages, crucial cells of the immune system.
  • Understanding HIV entry mechanisms is vital for developing antiviral therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the detailed mechanisms of HIV entry into host cells.
  • To visualize and differentiate between direct fusion and receptor-mediated endocytosis of HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Incubation of lymphocytes and macrophages with purified HIV.
  • Time-series electron microscopy to observe virus-cell interactions.
  • Detailed imaging of viral envelope and cell membrane fusion events.

Main Results:

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  • HIV utilizes two primary entry pathways: direct fusion and receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated vesicles.
  • Direct fusion occurs within 1-3 minutes, involving seamless merging of viral and cell membranes.
  • Occasionally, membrane ruptures lead to rapid cytopathic effects like vacuolization and cytolysis.
  • Viral envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp 120) integrates into the cell membrane post-fusion, leading to syncytia formation.
  • The viral core disintegrates, releasing ribonucleoprotein into the cytoplasm.

    • Conclusions:

    • HIV employs distinct fusion and endocytosis mechanisms to enter target cells.
    • The mode of entry influences the speed of cellular damage and syncytia formation.
    • Visualizing these processes provides insights into HIV pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets.