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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the cerebellum's...
Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
15:57

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

Working memory and anticipatory set modulate midbrain and putamen activity.

Yen Yu1, Thomas H B FitzGerald, Karl J Friston

  • 1Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom. yen.yu.10@ud.ac.uk

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|August 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Organisms balance working memory maintenance and updating based on anticipated needs. Dopamine system activity in the midbrain and striatum reflects this anticipatory set, influencing how the brain responds to expected and unexpected information updates.

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Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
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Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion
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Published on: May 4, 2011

Modulating Cognition Using Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Cerebellum
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Published on: February 15, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Adaptive behavior requires balancing working memory (WM) fidelity and flexibility.
  • Anticipating the need to update information is crucial for this balance.
  • The neurobiological underpinnings of anticipatory optimization in WM remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neurobiological basis of anticipatory optimization in working memory.
  • To examine how anticipated updating probability influences neural activity.
  • To explore the role of the dopaminergic system in this process.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used in healthy human subjects.
  • A modified delayed-response task with predictive cues for updating probability was employed.
  • Neural responses were measured during conditions of high and low anticipated updating probability.

Main Results:

  • Sustained activation was observed in the dopaminergic midbrain and striatum, correlating with anticipated updating probability.
  • Anticipatory set modulated neural responses to subsequent memory updating events.
  • Unexpectedly, updating processes suppressed, rather than elevated, midbrain and striatal activity.

Conclusions:

  • The dopaminergic midbrain and striatum play a key role in anticipatory optimization of working memory.
  • Anticipating the likelihood of context change influences neural processing in these regions.
  • This research provides novel insights into the neural mechanisms of working memory flexibility.