Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

Abnormal Proliferation

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

Negative Regulator Molecules

Negative Regulator Molecules

Positive regulators allow a cell to advance through cell cycle checkpoints. Negative regulators have an equally important role as they terminate a cell’s progression through the cell cycle—or pause it—until the cell meets specific criteria.

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A clinically deployed dual-compartment biochemical monitoring platform for human liver perfusion.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Modeling cancer with bacteria-integrated tumor microenvironments using biomaterials: Emerging concepts and opportunities.

Materials today. Bio·2026

Same author

Bead bed microfluidic device for testing mechanical embolization of shear-thinning hydrogels.

Acta biomaterialia·2026

Same author

cloneXplorer: A high-throughput clone discovery platform based on conical microwell arrays.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Genetics and environment distinctively shape the human immune cell epigenome.

Nature genetics·2026

Same author

Framework for cancer evolution profiling and interception in colorectal cancer: ASCEND-CRC program.

Cancer cell·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Published on: March 21, 2022

Post-translational regulation enables robust p53 regulation.

Yong-Jun Shin¹, Kai-Yuan Chen, Ali H Sayed

¹School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 402 Phillips Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. xs66@cornell.edu.

BMC Systems Biology

|September 3, 2013

Summary

Post-translational regulation of the tumor suppressor p53 offers superior disturbance rejection compared to transcriptional regulation. This mechanism balances steady-state and transient errors for a more stable p53 level.

More Related Videos

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Published on: August 4, 2019

Detection of Aggregation-Prone Behavior in Mutant P53 V157F Breast Cancer Cells Using Multipoint Thioflavin T Fluorescence

Detection of Aggregation-Prone Behavior in Mutant P53 V157F Breast Cancer Cells Using Multipoint Thioflavin T Fluorescence

Published on: December 30, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Purification of Ubiquitinated p53 Proteins from Mammalian Cells

Published on: March 21, 2022

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Yeast As a Chassis for Developing Functional Assays to Study Human P53

Published on: August 4, 2019

Detection of Aggregation-Prone Behavior in Mutant P53 V157F Breast Cancer Cells Using Multipoint Thioflavin T Fluorescence

Detection of Aggregation-Prone Behavior in Mutant P53 V157F Breast Cancer Cells Using Multipoint Thioflavin T Fluorescence

Published on: December 30, 2025

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Systems Biology
Biochemical Regulation

Background:

The tumor suppressor protein p53 is crucial for DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis.
p53 levels are tightly regulated by negative feedback to maintain stability against disturbances.
This regulation primarily occurs via post-translational mechanisms, not transcriptional control.

Purpose of the Study:

To analyze the dynamics of the p53-Mdm2 feedback loop.
To compare the advantages of post-translational versus transcriptional regulation in disturbance rejection.
To understand the trade-offs between steady-state and transient errors in biological systems.

Main Methods:

Analysis of feedback control dynamics.
Application of adaptive estimation theories.
Modeling of biological regulatory networks.

Main Results:

Post-translational regulation achieves a better trade-off between steady-state and transient errors than transcriptional regulation.
This leads to a more stable p53 level amidst noise and disturbances.
Post-translational regulation allows faster cellular responses to stress with consistent amplitude, albeit with increased stochastic noise.

Conclusions:

The p53-Mdm2 feedback system favors regulatory mechanisms offering optimal dynamic control trade-offs.
Post-translational regulation provides advantages in stability and response time for p53.