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Sex-differences in symptoms, disability, and life satisfaction three years after mild traumatic brain injury: a
Johan Styrke1, Peter Sojka, Ulf Björnstig
1Division of Surgery, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 85 Umeå, Sweden. johan.styrke@surgery.umu.se
Objective:
To investigate sex differences in symptoms, structure of symptoms, disability and life satisfaction 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury. Secondary aims were to find risk factors for adverse outcome.
Design:
Population-based cohort study.
Patients:
The cohort comprised 137,000 inhabitants at risk in a defined population served by a single hospital in northern Sweden. Patients attending the emergency department following a mild traumatic brain injury in 2001 were included.
Methods:
Of 214 patients aged 18-64 years, 163 answered a questionnaire on symptoms, disability, and life-satisfaction 3 years post-injury. The instruments were analysed with descriptive statistics. A principal component analysis of the Rivermead Post-Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire was conducted. Risk factors were identified using logistic regression.
Results:
Post-concussion syndrome was found in 50% of the women and 30% of the men. Disability was found in 52% of the women and 37% of the men, and 57% of the women and 56% of the men were satisfied with their lives. For both genders, high frequency of symptoms was a risk factor for disability and low life satisfaction. Back pain was a risk factor for disability. Living alone was a risk factor for low levels of life satisfaction. The principal component analysis revealed differences between the sexes.
Conclusion:
There are sex differences in outcome 3 years after mild traumatic brain injury. Women and men should be analysed separately.
