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Related Concept Videos

Interference and Diffraction02:18

Interference and Diffraction

Interference is a characteristic phenomenon exhibited by waves. When two electromagnetic waves interact with their peaks and troughs coinciding, a resulting wave with enhanced amplitude is produced. This is known as constructive interference. In this case, the two waves interacting are in phase with each other.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Structure of Alkanes02:23

Structure of Alkanes

The formation of carbon-carbon bonds leading to the creation of the carbon chain is the basis of organic chemistry. August Kekulé and Archibald Scott Couper independently developed this idea of carbon chain formation.
Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds composed of carbons and hydrogens. Based on the bond order between carbons, the hydrocarbons are further classified into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. 
Alkanes are the simplest hydrocarbons with sp3 hybrid carbon atoms. These sp3...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging
05:45

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging

Published on: March 31, 2022

From double-slit interference to structural information in simple hydrocarbons.

Rajesh Kumar Kushawaha1, Minna Patanen, Renaud Guillemin

  • 1Laboratoire de Chimie Physique-Matière et Rayonnement, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young

Keywords:
coherent state and molecular photoemissioninterference phenomena

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Molecular physics
  • Atomic physics

Background:

  • Young's double-slit experiment demonstrates wave interference.
  • Photoelectron emission provides insights into molecular electronic structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate double-slit interference in photoelectron emission from molecules.
  • Quantify molecular geometry, orbital composition, and many-body effects using interference patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of inner-valence shell ionization.
  • Analysis of photoelectron emission spectra over a photon energy range of 70-700 eV.
  • Studied hydrocarbons: acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), and ethane (C2H6).

Main Results:

  • Observed widespread double-slit interference in photoelectron emission.
  • Demonstrated strong dependence of oscillation period on C-C bond distance, enabling precise bond length determination (±0.01 Å).
  • Interference patterns quantitatively reveal inner-valence molecular orbital composition and many-body effects.

Conclusions:

  • Double-slit interference in photoelectron emission is a versatile tool for molecular analysis.
  • The technique allows for accurate determination of molecular geometry and electronic structure.
  • This method is applicable to a broad range of chemical compounds.