[Cardiorenal syndrome by heart failure]

Cardiorenal (CR) syndrome is defined for the purposes of the following text mainly as primary cardiac dysfunction with a consequent failure of renal haemodynamics. Heart failure leads to a decrease in cardiac output and to the activation of vasoconstrictors; this gradually precipitates a decrease in the level of renal perfusion, the vasoconstriction of renal vessels and a decrease in glomerular filtration with a gradual development of renal failure. The following paper analyses the pathophysiological mechanisms, the characteristics of the patients, the role of medication during CR syndrome, the relationship between proteinuria and anaemia during CR syndrome and the application of bio-markers and pulmonary hypertension in the prognosis of patients with CR syndrome.