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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Hepatic Portal System01:21

Hepatic Portal System

The hepatic portal system, a critical part of our circulatory framework, transports nutrient-laden, deoxygenated blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver. This ingenious system plays an indispensable role in maintaining our body's metabolic equilibrium.
At its core, the hepatic portal vein is the result of a confluence of the superior and inferior mesenteric veins along with the splenic vein. Each of these veins has a unique role. The superior mesenteric vein is responsible...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

[Hepatitis E].

Gaetano Scotto1, Fabio Bulla, Francesca Campanale

  • 1Clinica di Malattie Infettive, Universita di Foggia; Dipartimento di Patologia Clinica, Unita di virologia, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Foggia, Foggia, Italy.

Le Infezioni in Medicina
|September 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes significant acute hepatitis globally, particularly in developing nations. Vaccines show high effectiveness, offering protection for at-risk populations.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatology

Context:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a primary cause of enteric non-A hepatitis, prevalent in developing countries and causing widespread outbreaks.
  • HEV is increasingly recognized globally, with zoonotic transmission suspected in Western countries.
  • HEV infection poses risks for individuals with chronic liver disease and immunosuppressed patients, potentially leading to cirrhosis.

Purpose:

  • To summarize the epidemiology and clinical significance of Hepatitis E virus (HEV).
  • To highlight the global distribution and transmission routes of HEV.
  • To discuss the implications of HEV infection in specific patient groups and the potential of vaccination.

Summary:

  • HEV is the leading cause of acute hepatitis in adults in many developing regions, responsible for severe morbidity and mortality, especially in pregnant women.
  • While historically associated with developing countries, HEV is now found worldwide, with zoonotic transmission from animals like pigs and deer implicated in sporadic cases in Western nations.
  • HEV superinfection can exacerbate pre-existing liver conditions, and chronic HEV infection in immunosuppressed individuals may lead to cirrhosis. Highly effective vaccines have been developed.

Impact:

  • Provides a comprehensive overview of HEV's global impact on public health.
  • Emphasizes the evolving understanding of HEV epidemiology, including zoonotic and chronic infection aspects.
  • Underscores the importance of HEV vaccination for disease prevention in high-risk groups.