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Related Concept Videos

Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch01:15

Techniques of therapeutic communication I: Active Listening, Sharing Observations, Validation, and Using Touch

The history of therapeutic communication can be traced back to Florence Nightingale, who emphasized the importance of developing trusting relationships with patients. She taught that the presence of nurses with patients results in therapeutic healing.
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Self-awareness is a psychological state in which the individual becomes the focal point of their attention. This inward focus transforms the self into an object of contemplation and assessment, influencing how individuals perceive their actions and their alignment with personal and societal standards.Triggers and Contexts for Self-AwarenessSelf-awareness can be activated by external stimuli that make individuals visually or audibly aware of themselves, such as mirrors, cameras, or recordings.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

The Adventures of Fundi Intervention Based on the Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder Patients
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More attention when speaking: does it help or does it hurt?

Nazbanou Nozari1, Sharon L Thompson-Schill

  • 1Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Goddard Labs, 3710 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

Neuropsychologia
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stimulating the prefrontal cortex enhances selective attention benefits in language tasks but may slightly increase costs. This supports the focus hypothesis, suggesting refined attention rather than broader resource allocation.

Keywords:
Cognitive controlExecutive functionsLanguage productionSelective attentionTranscranial direct cortical stimulation (tDCS)

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Selective attention modulates performance, yielding benefits for attended items and costs for unattended ones.
  • The role of the prefrontal cortex in modulating these attentional costs and benefits remains debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal effect of prefrontal cortex stimulation on the costs and benefits of selective attention in language production.
  • To differentiate between the resource hypothesis and the focus hypothesis regarding attentional modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Non-invasive brain stimulation (transcranial direct current stimulation) was applied to the prefrontal cortex.
  • Participants performed a verbal task requiring selective attention to words within multi-word utterances.
  • Control stimulation of the primary motor cortex and an N-back task were used to validate specificity.

Main Results:

  • Prefrontal cortex stimulation reliably increased the benefit of selective attention.
  • A marginal increase in the cost of selective attention was observed with prefrontal stimulation.
  • Stimulation effects differed from those observed with primary motor cortex stimulation and correlated with N-back task performance.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support the focus hypothesis, indicating that prefrontal cortex stimulation fine-tunes selective attention.
  • This research clarifies the prefrontal cortex's role in managing attentional trade-offs during language processing and sequential behavior.