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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation

Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation

Published on: March 13, 2026

Proximal humerus fractures.

Matthew C Price¹, Pamela L Horn, James C Latshaw

¹Matthew C. Price, MS, RN, CNP, ONP-C, RNFA, Manager, Orthopedic Advanced Practice Providers, Riverside Methodist Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. Pamela L. Horn, MS, RN, CNP, ONP-C, Orthopedic Nurse Practitioner, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio. James C. Latshaw, MD, Shoulder and Elbow Orthopedic Surgeon, Ohio Orthopedic Center of Excellence, Upper Arlington.

Orthopedic Nursing

|September 12, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Proximal humerus fractures, common in osteoporosis, impact upper extremity function. Understanding management and nursing care is key to reducing complications and improving outcomes.

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Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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Development of a Novel Internal Fixation Model for Rat Radial Fractures: Fracture Healing Assessment and Dorsal Root Ganglion Isolation

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Published on: March 13, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty

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Published on: July 5, 2011

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Geriatric Medicine
Musculoskeletal Health

Background:

Osteoporosis is a leading cause of proximal humerus fractures.
The aging population is experiencing an increasing incidence of these fractures.
Proximal humerus fractures affect shoulder joint function and overall upper extremity health.

Observation:

These fractures involve the upper part of the humerus bone.
They are closely linked to surrounding musculoskeletal and neurovascular structures.
Impact extends beyond the shoulder to the entire arm.

Findings:

Fractures can severely impair shoulder and upper extremity function.
Effective management strategies are crucial for patient recovery.
Specialized nursing care plays a vital role in mitigating negative effects.

Implications:

Improved understanding of fracture management can reduce patient morbidity.
Optimized nursing care protocols can enhance functional outcomes.
Addressing the rising incidence requires proactive orthopedic and geriatric strategies.