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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction01:29

Alzheimer Disease l: Introduction

Alzheimer disease is a chronic, progressive, and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in older adults. It leads to gradual neuronal loss, causing cognitive decline, behavioral changes, and loss of functional independence.Risk Factors and EtiologyThe disease is multifactorial. Age is the strongest risk factor, with prevalence doubling every 5 years after age 65. Genetic factors include mutations in genes such as APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2, which are associated...
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ and tau...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
06:40

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice

Published on: June 15, 2015

[Alzheimer's disease and olfaction].

Marine Naudin1, Karl Mondon, Boriana Atanasova

  • 1Inserm U930, Equipe 4 « Troubles affectifs » Université François Rabelais, Tours, France.

Geriatrie Et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie Du Vieillissement
|September 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory disorders are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD), affecting smell identification and memory. Early olfactory deficits may indicate disease progression and warrant clinical attention.

Keywords:
Alzheimer's diseaseolfactionolfactory markersolfactory tests

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Simple and Computer-assisted Olfactory Testing for Mice
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10:42

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Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
07:27

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Published on: August 25, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Olfactory disorders are common but often overlooked in Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  • Early olfactory deficits are consistently reported in AD, worsening with disease progression.
  • Shared limbic system involvement in olfaction and AD motivates research into smell dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe olfactory parameters and tests for assessing peripheral and central olfactory function.
  • To inventory olfactory disorders in AD, including odor threshold, discrimination, identification, and memory.
  • To discuss the clinical relevance of specific olfactory dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease.

Main Methods:

  • Assessment of peripheral olfactory parameters (odor threshold).
  • Evaluation of central olfactory functions (hedonicity, familiarity, intensity, discrimination, identification, olfactory memory).
  • Review of literature on olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease.

Main Results:

  • Consistent findings of early olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease across various olfactory domains.
  • Controversial results reported in the literature regarding specific olfactory deficits in AD.
  • Evidence suggests a link between olfactory dysfunction and disease progression in Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a significant, though often unrecognized, feature of Alzheimer's disease.
  • Specific olfactory tests may aid in early detection and monitoring of AD progression.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the clinical utility of different olfactory tests in AD management.