Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 8, 2026

05:48
How to Build a Dichoptic Presentation System That Includes an Eye Tracker
Published on: September 6, 2017
The Necker-Zeno model for bistable perception
Harald Atmanspacher1, Thomas Filk
1Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology, Freiburg; Collegium Helveticum, ZüFCrich.
Topics in Cognitive Science
|September 13, 2013
Summary
This study introduces a new theoretical psychology framework using non-commutative operations on mental states. The Necker-Zeno model for bistable perception is presented, with potential for testing temporal non-locality in mental states.
Area of Science:
- Theoretical Psychology
- Cognitive Science
- Computational Neuroscience
Background:
- Bistable perception involves experiencing alternating interpretations of ambiguous stimuli.
- Existing models may not fully capture the dynamic nature of perceptual switching.
- A formal framework is needed to describe the underlying mental operations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To present a novel conceptual framework for theoretical psychology.
- To illustrate this framework using the phenomenon of bistable perception.
- To introduce the Necker-Zeno model as a formalization of this framework.
Main Methods:
- Development of a formal framework based on non-commutative operations on mental states.
- Modeling bistable perception of ambiguous stimuli using the Necker-Zeno model.
- Review of existing empirical evidence supporting the model.
Main Results:
- The proposed framework highlights the non-commutativity of operations on mental states as a key feature.
- The Necker-Zeno model provides a formal account of bistable perception.
- The model predicts a temporal non-locality of mental states.
Conclusions:
- The novel framework offers a new perspective on theoretical psychology.
- The Necker-Zeno model is a promising approach to understanding bistable perception.
- Further research can explore and test the predicted temporal non-locality.
Related Concept Videos
Gestalt Principles of Perception
Gestalt principles provide a framework for understanding how humans perceive objects as unified wholes within their context. These principles are essential in explaining the cognitive processes that make sense of complex visual stimuli by organizing them into coherent groups. One fundamental principle is proximity, which posits that objects located close to each other are perceived as a collective group. For instance, when dots are positioned near one another, the visual system interprets them...
Perceptual Constancy
Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that objects remain consistent and unchanged even when their appearance varies due to changes in sensory input. There are four main types of perceptual constancy: size constancy, shape constancy, color constancy, and brightness constancy.
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
Size constancy is the recognition that an object remains the same size, even when its image on the retina changes. For instance, a bus is perceived to be large enough to carry people, even if it looks tiny from...
Perception
Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
Schemas
A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Sensory Perception: Organization of the Somatosensory System
The somatosensory system is the central and peripheral nervous system component that senses and processes touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and body position or proprioception. The process of sensation takes place at three levels:
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...
The receptor level:
The receptor level is the first stage of sensation. It involves the detection of a stimulus by specialized sensory receptors. The stimulus must arrive within the receptor's receptive field. Next, the receptor converts the energy of the stimulus...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways
Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

