Stem cells: a recapitulation of development
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Updated: May 7, 2026

Patterning the Geometry of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Colonies on Compliant Substrates to Control Tissue-Level Mechanics
Published on: September 28, 2019
Yuben Moodley1, Philip Thompson, David Warburton
1Lung Institute of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
Abstract:
Pluripotent stem cells are cells that can differentiate into any tissue from all germ layers and include embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent cells (iPS). Embryonic stem cells are derived from 8-day blastocysts obtained from unutilized embryos following in vitro fertilization, while iPS is obtained following transfection of dermal fibroblasts with pluripotent genes (sex determining region Y-binding, Kruppel-like factor 4, octamer-binding transcription factor 4 and c-Myc). The major challenge is to differentiate these cells into lung epithelium for therapeutic applications as well as to model lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis. In this review, the developmental pathways of the lung and how these pathways have been recapitulated in vitro to induce differentiation of pluripotent cells to lung epithelium were examined.
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