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Related Concept Videos

The Pituitary Gland01:17

The Pituitary Gland

The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Hormones of the Pituitary Gland01:27

Hormones of the Pituitary Gland

The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
The most abundantly secreted hormone from the anterior lobe is the growth hormone, which controls overall growth by...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

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Biological poisons targeting the pituitary gland: insights across the five kingdoms.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Non-functioning pituitary tumors: 2012 update.

Rosa Cámara Gómez1

  • 1Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, España.

Endocrinologia Y Nutricion : Organo De La Sociedad Espanola De Endocrinologia Y Nutricion
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Non-functioning pituitary adenomas are common tumors causing symptoms through compression or hormone loss. While surgery is primary, temozolomide shows promise for aggressive cases, though its use requires caution due to limited data.

Keywords:
Adenoma hipofisario no funcionanteAdenoma hipofisario silenteCarcinoma hipofisarioCirugía transesfenoidalIncidentaloma hipofisarioInmunoexpresión de O6-metilguanina-ADN-metiltransferasaNeoplasia hipofisariaNon-functioning pituitary adenomaO6-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase immunoexpressionPituitary carcinomaPituitary incidentalomaPituitary neoplasmRadiocirugíaRadiosurgeryRadioterapiaRadiotherapySilent pituitary adenomaTemozolomidaTemozolomideTranssphenoidal surgery

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Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
12:34

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

Published on: April 2, 2018

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas
07:43

Endoscopic Endonasal Trans-sphenoidal Approach: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Pituitary Adenomas

Published on: January 17, 2018

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome
12:34

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

Published on: April 2, 2018

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
09:53

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Published on: July 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Non-functioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) are common macroadenomas causing symptoms via compression or hormone deficiencies.
  • Macroadenomas and solid tumors have a higher growth potential than microadenomas and cystic tumors.
  • Diagnosis relies on MRI, with ongoing research into potential biomarkers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for non-functioning pituitary adenomas.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and limitations of various treatment modalities, including surgery, radiosurgery, and drug therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of diagnostic imaging (MRI) and therapeutic interventions.
  • Analysis of outcomes for transsphenoidal surgery, radiosurgery, and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment.
  • Evaluation of prognostic factors and biomarkers for treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Transsphenoidal surgery is the primary treatment for compressive NFPAs; endoscopic approaches may reduce morbidity.
  • Radiosurgery offers tumor control but carries risks, especially for larger tumors.
  • Temozolomide (TMZ) shows potential for aggressive NFPAs (38%-40% tumor control), but lacks controlled studies and predictive biomarkers like O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase expression.

Conclusions:

  • Optimal treatment for NFPAs depends on tumor characteristics and symptoms, with surgery as the mainstay for compressive lesions.
  • TMZ may be cautiously considered for aggressive NFPAs, but treatment protocols and response predictors require further investigation.
  • Predictive markers for TMZ response remain limited, necessitating careful patient selection and monitoring.