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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
15:16

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

Published on: July 22, 2012

Pediatric norovirus infection.

S Esposito1, B Ascolese, L Senatore

  • 1Pediatric Clinic 1, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Commenda 9, 20122, Milan, Italy, susanna.esposito@unimi.it.

European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases : Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology
|September 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Noroviruses (NoVs) cause frequent, contagious pediatric gastroenteritis, leading to hospitalizations. More data is needed on childhood NoV impact, other infections, and socioeconomic effects while awaiting vaccines.

More Related Videos

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
10:03

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR
15:16

Detection and Genogrouping of Noroviruses from Children's Stools By Taqman One-step RT-PCR

Published on: July 22, 2012

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces
10:03

Swab Sampling Method for the Detection of Human Norovirus on Surfaces

Published on: February 6, 2017

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay
11:09

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay

Published on: September 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis.
  • Despite being often self-limiting, NoV infections cause significant morbidity due to high contagiousness.
  • NoVs account for a substantial percentage of both outbreak-related and sporadic pediatric gastroenteritis cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significant public health burden of Norovirus in children.
  • To underscore the need for further epidemiological research on childhood NoV infections.
  • To identify key areas for future research, including age-specific impacts, non-gastroenteritis roles, and socioeconomic consequences.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a review of existing literature and epidemiological data on Norovirus in pediatric populations.
  • Analysis of reported outbreak and sporadic case data for Norovirus-induced gastroenteritis in children.
  • Synthesis of information regarding disease severity, hospitalization rates, and reported fatalities in immunocompromised children.

Main Results:

  • Noroviruses are responsible for 47-96% of pediatric gastroenteritis outbreaks and 5-36% of sporadic cases.
  • NoV-induced gastroenteritis frequently leads to hospitalization in children.
  • Severe and fatal cases have been documented in immunocompromised pediatric patients.

Conclusions:

  • There is an urgent need for comprehensive epidemiological data on childhood Norovirus infections.
  • Further research should investigate the impact across different pediatric age groups and potential roles in non-gastrointestinal infections.
  • Understanding the socioeconomic impact on households is crucial for developing effective public health strategies and interventions.