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Monohybrid Crosses

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Crosses

Incomplete Dominance

Incomplete Dominance

Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.

Law of Segregation

Law of Segregation

When crossing pea plants, Mendel noticed that one of the parental traits would sometimes disappear in the first generation of offspring, called the F1 generation, and could reappear in the next generation (F2). He concluded that one of the traits must be dominant over the other, thereby causing masking of one trait in the F1 generation. When he crossed the F1 plants, he found that 75% of the offspring in the F2 generation had the dominant phenotype, while 25% had the recessive phenotype.

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Independent Assortment

While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Efficient and Rapid Isolation of Early-stage Embryos from Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Published on: June 7, 2013

ABI3 controls embryo degreening through Mendel's I locus.

Frédéric Delmas¹, Subramanian Sankaranarayanan, Srijani Deb

¹Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3B2.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|September 18, 2013

Summary

The stay-green gene (SGR1) controls chlorophyll degradation in seeds. Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates this process via ABI3, offering a solution to undesirable green seeds in crops.

Keywords:

freezing tolerance nondormant

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Area of Science:

Plant Molecular Biology
Crop Science
Biochemistry

Background:

Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis but its retention in mature seeds is undesirable, impacting oil and meal quality in crops like canola and soybean.
The stay-green gene (SGR1) is involved in chlorophyll degradation, but its role in seed degreening and regulatory pathways remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the gene regulatory network controlling seed degreening in Arabidopsis.
To elucidate the role of SGR1 and its upstream regulators in the seed degreening process.

Main Methods:

Utilized an embryo stay-green mutant in Arabidopsis to study degreening mechanisms.
Investigated the role of phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) and the transcription factor ABI3 in regulating SGR1.

Main Results:

Demonstrated that the SGR family, regulated by ABA through ABI3, controls embryo degreening.
Showed that ABI3 misexpression can rescue the cold-induced green seed phenotype.

Conclusions:

ABI3 plays a mechanistic role in seed degreening.
Targeting the ABA-ABI3-SGR pathway could resolve the green seed problem in oilseed crops.