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Related Concept Videos

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
Membrane Fluidity01:26

Membrane Fluidity

Membrane fluidity is explained by the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, which describes the plasma membrane structure as a mosaic of components—including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
Mosaic nature of the membrane
The mosaic characteristic of the membrane helps the plasma membrane remain fluid. The integral proteins and lipids exist as separate but loosely-attached molecules in the membrane. The membrane is a relatively...
Membrane Fluidity01:23

Membrane Fluidity

Cell membranes are composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates loosely attached to one another through chemical interactions. Molecules are generally able to move about in the plane of the membrane, giving the membrane its flexible nature called fluidity. Two other features of the membrane contribute to membrane fluidity: the chemical structure of the phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in the membrane.
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER01:28

Assembly of the Lipid Bilayer in the ER

Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
A large chunk of any biological membrane is composed of phospholipids. These lipids have a heterogeneous distribution across different subcellular organelles and even between...
Lipids as Anchors01:32

Lipids as Anchors

In the plasma membrane, the lipids forming the bilayer can also act as an anchor to tether proteins to the membrane. The three main types of lipid anchors found in eukaryotes are – prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol or GPI groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups act as anchors on the cytosolic surface of the membrane, whereas GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side.
The carboxy-terminal of most of the prenylated proteins, such as Ras proteins, contains the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Lipid Exchange Assay in Living Cells
08:59

Lipid Exchange Assay in Living Cells

Published on: March 21, 2025

Lipid exchange and flip-flop in solid supported bilayers.

Yuri Gerelli1, Lionel Porcar, Lucia Lombardi

  • 1Institut Laue-Langevin , 6, rue Jules Horowitz, 38042, Grenoble CEDEX 9, France.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|September 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phospholipid molecules rapidly move within lipid bilayers, but transfer between bilayers is slow. This lipid exchange process follows Arrhenius-like behavior and is independent of vesicle concentration.

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Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method
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Lipid Exchange Assay in Living Cells
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Assembly of Cell Mimicking Supported and Suspended Lipid Bilayer Models for the Study of Molecular Interactions
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Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method
09:38

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

Published on: December 1, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-supported lipid bilayers are crucial models for cell membranes.
  • Understanding molecular transport within and between bilayers is key to membrane function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the kinetics of phospholipid transfer between and within lipid bilayers.
  • To determine the rate-limiting step in lipid exchange processes.
  • To characterize the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of lipid transfer.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron reflectometry was employed to monitor the structure of solid-supported lipid bilayers.
  • Isotopically labeled vesicles were used to track phospholipid movement.
  • Experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, times, and vesicle concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Lipid interbilayer exchange was identified as the rate-limiting step.
  • Intrabilayer lipid movement (flip-flop) occurred too rapidly to be measured.
  • The exchange process exhibited Arrhenius-like behavior.
  • The activation energy for lipid exchange was independent of vesicle concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Neutron reflectometry provides a powerful tool for studying lipid dynamics in supported bilayers.
  • Interbilayer lipid transfer is a significantly slower process than intrabilayer flip-flop.
  • The characterized kinetics offer insights into membrane remodeling and stability.