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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology01:17

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies
10:16

Generation of Two-color Antigen Microarrays for the Simultaneous Detection of IgG and IgM Autoantibodies

Published on: September 15, 2016

Warm autoantibodies: time for a change.

J R Nobles1, C Wong

  • 1School of External Education, Gulf Coast Regional Blood Center, Consulation and Reference Laboratory, Houston, TX 77054, USA.

Immunohematology
|September 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a rapid 1-hour method for removing autoantibodies from patient serum using red blood cells (RBCs). The efficient 1:3 serum-to-RBC ratio effectively adsorbs autoantibodies while preserving alloantibody detection.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transfusion Medicine

Background:

  • Routine autoantibody adsorption from patient serum is time-consuming, delaying patient care.
  • Current methods can take many hours, impacting clinical workflows.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a significantly faster method for autoantibody adsorption.
  • To reduce adsorption time from hours to 1 hour while maintaining efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • A modified 1:3 serum-to-red blood cell (RBC) ratio method was developed.
  • Patient serum was divided and incubated with RBCs for 1 hour with mixing.
  • Adsorbed serum was tested for reactivity and compared to the standard method.

Main Results:

  • The 1:3 method successfully adsorbed autoantibodies in 83% of samples (48/58).

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Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

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  • Alloantibody specificities and strengths were consistent with the standard method in 20 samples.
  • The new method detected previously undetected alloantibodies in three samples.

    • Conclusions:

    • The 1-hour 1:3 method is efficient and effective for rapid autoantibody removal.
    • This method allows for the simultaneous detection of underlying alloantibodies.
    • The optimized procedure improves turnaround time for antibody testing in transfusion services.