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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Introduction to Joints00:58

Introduction to Joints

The adult human body usually has 206 bones, and except for the hyoid bone in the neck, each bone is connected to at least one other bone. Joints are the location where bones come together. Many joints allow for movement between the bones. At these joints, the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones can move smoothly against each other. However, the bones of other joints may be joined by connective tissue or cartilage. These joints are designed for stability and provide little or no movement.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
The Functions of the Skeletal System01:22

The Functions of the Skeletal System

The most apparent functions of the skeletal system are support, protection, and movement. However, bone tissue also performs several other critical metabolic functions. For one, the bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of minerals important to the functioning of the body, especially calcium and phosphorus. These minerals, present in the bone tissue, can be released back into the bloodstream when required. Calcium ions, for example, are essential for muscle contractions and controlling...
Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle01:28

Disorders of the Skeletal Muscle

The clinical conditions affecting the skeletal muscle tissue are broadly categorized as musculoskeletal and neuromuscular disorders.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders involve injuries and conditions affecting the skeletal muscles and associated connective tissues. These disorders can arise from acute biomechanical stresses or chronic overuse and can occur across different age groups. Common injuries include sprains, fractures, and muscular strains, often resulting from...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Interaction between bone and muscle in older persons with mobility limitations.

L Ferrucci, M Baroni, A Ranchelli

  • 1Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, S. Andrea delle Fratte, 06100, Perugia, Italy. ruggieroc07@hotmail.it.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|September 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Aging causes bone loss (osteoporosis) and muscle loss (sarcopenia), increasing fall and fracture risks. Understanding their interaction is key to developing effective interventions for older adults.

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Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test
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Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test

Published on: January 12, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly
08:25

Evaluating the Function of the Foot Core System in the Elderly

Published on: March 11, 2022

Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test
04:06

Setup for the Quantitative Assessment of Motion and Muscle Activity During a Virtual Modified Box and Block Test

Published on: January 12, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Musculoskeletal Health
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Aging leads to decreased bone and muscle mass and strength.
  • Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are geriatric conditions linked to increased mobility limitations, falls, fractures, and disability.
  • Bone strength is influenced by muscle loading, with complex systemic and local factors modulating this interaction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review age-related changes in bone and muscle.
  • To explore the biomechanical and homeostatic mechanisms underlying bone-muscle interaction.
  • To discuss pathological changes, updated definitions, and interventions for osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on age-related musculoskeletal changes.
  • Analysis of biomechanical and homeostatic mechanisms in bone-muscle crosstalk.
  • Synthesis of recent definitions and clinical implications for osteoporosis and sarcopenia.

Main Results:

  • Osteoporosis and sarcopenia share risk factors and contribute to adverse health outcomes.
  • The bidirectional communication between bone and muscle is crucial for maintaining musculoskeletal integrity.
  • Impaired homeostatic mechanisms can lead to pathological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed to establish consensus on risk assessment parameters.
  • Understanding muscle-bone physiology can inform preventive strategies for musculoskeletal diseases in older adults.
  • Evidence for anti-osteoporotic and proposed anti-sarcopenic interventions is being evaluated.