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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation

Nursing Process for Patient and Caregiver Teaching II: Planning and Implementation

Planning for learning involves the development of a teaching plan. Teaching plans are similar to nursing care plans—both follow the steps of the nursing process. Planning in the teaching process involves setting goals and outcomes. Here, goals identify what a patient needs to achieve to understand a healthcare topic better, whereas the outcomes are the action to be performed by the patient to achieve the goal within a timeframe. For example, if the goal is to educate the patient about insulin...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

A training program for pharmacy students on providing diabetes care.

Supakit Wongwiwatthananukit¹, Paula Zeszotarski, Anthony Thai

¹Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii.

American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education

|September 21, 2013

Summary

A hands-on diabetes training program significantly improved pharmacy students' competence and confidence in diabetes care. The program enhanced practical skills but did not alter attitudes towards patient care.

Keywords:

attitude competence confidence diabetes training program

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Published on: June 11, 2012

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Effects of Mindfulness Training Combined with Tai Chi in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Area of Science:

Pharmacy Education
Diabetes Management Training

Background:

Pharmacy students require robust training in diabetes care.
Assessing educational interventions is crucial for curriculum development.

Purpose of the Study:

Compare competence, attitudes, and self-confidence in diabetes care among second- and third-year pharmacy students.
Evaluate the impact of a hands-on diabetes training program on these metrics.
Determine if the program's effect varied by student year.

Main Methods:

A comprehensive diabetes training program incorporating lectures and hands-on sessions.
Pre- and post-program assessments measuring competence, attitudes, and confidence.
Comparative analysis between second- and third-year pharmacy students.

Main Results:

Significant improvements in students' competence and overall confidence scores post-training.
No significant change in the mean overall attitude score.
Third-year students demonstrated higher confidence than second-year students both before and after the program.

Conclusions:

The hands-on training program effectively enhanced pharmacy students' competence and confidence in diabetes care.
The intervention shows promise for improving practical skills in managing diabetes.
Further research could explore attitude development over longer training periods.