Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice
07:23

Identification of EcoHIV-Infected Cells in Microglia-Manipulated Transgenic Mice

Published on: December 20, 2024

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in HIV/AIDS: observational study from a tertiary care centre in northern

S K Sharma1, M Soneja, S Ranjan

  • 1Department of Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

The Indian Journal of Medical Research
|September 24, 2013
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare opportunistic infection in advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In India, PML presents late with severe immunosuppression, leading to high mortality despite treatment.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease predominantly affecting individuals with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.
  • Epidemiology and clinical course of PML in Indian HIV/AIDS patients remain understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the frequency of PML in HIV/AIDS patients in India.
  • To investigate the clinical features, and survival outcomes of PML in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of HIV/AIDS patient charts diagnosed with PML.
  • Study conducted at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India, over a five-year period (2006-2011).

Main Results:

  • PML occurred in 1.2% (18/1465) of HIV/AIDS patients.
  • PML often presented as an initial HIV manifestation (56%) with severe immunosuppression (CD4 < 200/μl in 89%).
  • Common symptoms included limb weakness (78%) and visual disturbances (28%); median survival was 7.6 months.

Conclusions:

  • Indian patients with PML present late with advanced immunosuppression.
  • PML is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, even with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  • There is a critical need to improve diagnostic and management services for PML in India.

More Related Videos

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients13:50

Sequencing of Bacterial Microflora in Peripheral Blood: our Experience with HIV-infected Patients

Published on: June 11, 2011

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection08:48

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

Published on: January 21, 2021

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...