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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Protein Dynamics in Living Cells01:19

Protein Dynamics in Living Cells

Different fluorescence-based techniques are used to study the protein dynamics in living cells. These techniques include FRAP, FRET, and PET.
Fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is a fluorescent-protein-based detection technique used to quantify protein movement rates within the cell. This method exposes a small portion of the cell to an intense laser beam. The laser beam causes permanent photobleaching of the fluorophore-tagged proteins in the exposed region. As the bleached...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers
07:26

Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

Published on: February 28, 2019

Dynamic structural science: recent developments in time-resolved spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.

Jose Trincao, Michelle L Hamilton, Jeppe Christensen

    Biochemical Society Transactions
    |September 25, 2013
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Dynamic structural science uses time-resolved methods to link molecular function and structure. This review covers current techniques, enzyme applications, and future developments for broader access to time-resolved studies.

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    Published on: April 24, 2018

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
    10:35

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

    Published on: May 29, 2018

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: May 7, 2026

    Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers
    07:26

    Improving High Viscosity Extrusion of Microcrystals for Time-resolved Serial Femtosecond Crystallography at X-ray Lasers

    Published on: February 28, 2019

    Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
    11:48

    Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

    Published on: April 24, 2018

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals
    10:35

    Novel Techniques for Observing Structural Dynamics of Photoresponsive Liquid Crystals

    Published on: May 29, 2018

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Structural Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Understanding biological mechanisms requires time-resolved studies of molecular structure and function.
    • Spectroscopic techniques offer high temporal resolution for local changes but lack overall structural detail for macromolecules.
    • Time-resolved X-ray crystallography is limited by instrument access and sample needs, especially for sub-second resolutions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the current state-of-the-art in dynamic structural science.
    • To highlight applications of time-resolved methods in enzyme studies.
    • To discuss future developments for wider accessibility of time-resolved studies.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of time-resolved spectroscopic techniques.
    • Analysis of time-resolved X-ray crystallographic methods.
    • Discussion of emerging methodologies in dynamic structural science.

    Main Results:

    • Current spectroscopic methods probe local dynamics but not global structures of macromolecules.
    • Time-resolved X-ray crystallography faces limitations in accessibility and sample requirements for high temporal resolution.
    • A growing interest exists in dynamic structural science across chemical and life sciences.

    Conclusions:

    • Dynamic structural science is crucial for understanding biological processes at a mechanistic level.
    • Advancements in time-resolved methodologies are needed to overcome current limitations.
    • Future developments aim to broaden interdisciplinary access to time-resolved structural studies, particularly for enzymes.