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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Transposons01:24

Transposons

Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
The Angiosperm Life Cycle02:39

The Angiosperm Life Cycle

Plants have a life cycle split between two multicellular stages: a haploid stage—with cells containing one set of chromosomes—and a diploid stage—with cells containing two sets of chromosomes. The haploid stage is the gamete-producing gametophyte, and the diploid stage is the spore-producing sporophyte.

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Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity
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Transposable elements: powerful contributors to angiosperm evolution and diversity.

Keith R Oliver1, Jen A McComb, Wayne K Greene

  • 1School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

Genome Biology and Evolution
|September 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements (TEs) drive angiosperm evolution by altering genomes, creating genetic diversity, and promoting adaptation. These mobile genetic elements explain the spectacular success and diversification of flowering plants.

Keywords:
TE-Thrustadaptationdomesticationhybridizationpolyploidyspeciation

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Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Science

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are major components of flowering plant genomes, significantly influencing genome size.
  • TEs, particularly active DNA transposons and abundant long terminal repeat retrotransposons, contribute substantially to genomic content (>80% in large genomes).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of transposable elements (TEs) in the rapid evolution and diversification of angiosperms.
  • To explore how TE activity (TE-Thrust) contributes to genetic changes, adaptation, and reproductive isolation in flowering plants.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of accumulating data on TE content and activity in angiosperm genomes.
  • Review of evidence linking TEs to gene modification, duplication, expression changes, and exaptation.
  • Examination of TE roles in polyploidy, hybridization, epigenetic modifications, and somatic evolution.

Main Results:

  • TEs are key drivers of angiosperm adaptive evolution, causing gene modifications, duplications, and novel gene creation.
  • TE activity, termed TE-Thrust, enhances genomic plasticity through ectopic recombination, deletions, duplications, and karyotypic changes.
  • TEs influence epigenetic patterns, reproductive isolation, and somatic evolution, contributing to angiosperm diversification.

Conclusions:

  • TE-Thrust provides a comprehensive explanation for the evolutionary success and diversification of angiosperms, Darwin's 'abominable mystery'.
  • TEs facilitate genetic variation, adaptation, and reproductive strategies, crucial for the success of flowering plants.