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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

[An update on hepatitis E].

P Hiroz1, J Gouttenoire, V L Dao Thi

  • 1Service de gastroentérologie et d'hépatologie, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne. philippe.hiroz@chuv.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
|September 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 causes infections in industrialized nations. PCR testing is preferred for diagnosis, especially in immunosuppressed individuals, with ribavirin or interferon-alpha as treatment options.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods
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Surface Functionalization of Hepatitis E Virus Nanoparticles Using Chemical Conjugation Methods

Published on: May 11, 2018

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Hepatology
  • Infectious Diseases

Context:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 is a significant cause of autochthonous infections in industrialized countries.
  • Seroprevalence in Switzerland reaches up to 22%, indicating widespread exposure.
  • While often asymptomatic, HEV genotype 3 can lead to severe acute hepatitis in specific demographics (men >50, those with liver disease).

Purpose:

  • To highlight the prevalence and clinical significance of Hepatitis E virus genotype 3 infections.
  • To emphasize diagnostic challenges and preferred methods, particularly in immunosuppressed patients.
  • To outline current therapeutic strategies for chronic Hepatitis E.

Summary:

  • HEV genotype 3, transmitted via fecal-oral routes or contaminated food, is prevalent in industrialized nations.
  • Diagnosis relies heavily on PCR due to the limitations of serology, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
  • Chronic HEV cases, often seen in transplant recipients, may require antiviral treatment like ribavirin or interferon-alpha if immunosuppression reduction fails.

Impact:

  • Improved understanding of HEV genotype 3 epidemiology and clinical spectrum.
  • Enhanced diagnostic accuracy through emphasis on PCR testing.
  • Guidance for managing chronic HEV infections in vulnerable patient populations.