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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

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Modeling, characterizing, and accommodating static birefringence in circular and linear dichroism spectroscopy.

Julie M DiNitto¹, John M Kenney

¹East Carolina University, Department of Physics, Greenville, NC 27858 USA.

Applied Spectroscopy

|September 27, 2013

Summary

Photoelastic modulators (PEMs) in CD and LD spectroscopy have inherent static birefringence. A new model corrects for this, improving measurement accuracy for chiral and linear molecules.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

Spectroscopy
Optical Physics
Materials Science

Background:

Circular dichroism (CD) and linear dichroism (LD) spectroscopy are essential for analyzing molecular structure.
Photoelastic modulators (PEMs) are key components in CD/LD spectrometers, inducing birefringence via high-tension (HT) voltage.
PEMs possess inherent static birefringence even at zero HT, potentially affecting measurement accuracy.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the static birefringence in PEMs.
To investigate the impact of static birefringence on CD and LD measurements.
To develop and validate a novel model accounting for PEM static birefringence.

Main Methods:

Characterization of inherent static birefringence in PEMs.
Development of a new mathematical model to correct for static birefringence.
Experimental validation using CD and LD spectroscopy on camphorsulfonic acid and chrysazin.

Main Results:

The inherent static birefringence of PEMs was quantified.
The developed model effectively compensates for static birefringence.
Validated measurements showed improved accuracy for chiral and linear molecules.

Conclusions:

Static birefringence in PEMs is a significant factor affecting CD and LD measurements.
The novel model provides accurate compensation for PEM static birefringence.
This work enhances the reliability of CD and LD spectroscopy for molecular analysis.