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Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Fabrication of Low Temperature Carbon Nanotube Vertical Interconnects Compatible with Semiconductor Technology

Published on: December 7, 2015

Carbon nanotube computer.

Max M Shulaker¹, Gage Hills, Nishant Patil

¹Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.

|September 27, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the first computer using carbon nanotube (CNT) transistors, overcoming inherent imperfections. This breakthrough promises significant improvements in energy efficiency for future electronic systems.

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Published on: July 22, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Computer Science

Background:

Miniaturization drives the semiconductor industry, enhancing computational power and energy efficiency.
Silicon-based electronics face limitations, prompting exploration of alternative technologies.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer potential for superior energy-delay products compared to silicon.

Purpose of the Study:

To overcome fundamental imperfections in CNTs for practical applications.
To demonstrate the first functional computer built entirely from CNT-based transistors.
To showcase the potential of CNTs for next-generation energy-efficient electronics.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of digital circuits using CNT-based transistors.
Development of an operating system enabling multitasking capabilities.
Implementation of 20 instructions from the MIPS instruction set for generality testing.

Main Results:

Successfully overcame inherent CNT imperfections.
Demonstrated the first computer constructed entirely from CNT transistors.
Achieved multitasking, performing counting and integer-sorting simultaneously.
Validated the computer's generality with MIPS instruction set implementation.

Conclusions:

CNTs present a viable and promising alternative to silicon for advanced electronics.
The developed CNT computer represents the most complex carbon-based electronic system to date.
This work paves the way for highly energy-efficient electronic systems.