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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Epilepsy ll: Types01:22

Epilepsy ll: Types

Recurrent seizures, stemming from abnormal electrical activity in the brain, are the defining characteristic of epilepsy, a chronic neurological condition. Because seizure features vary greatly, epilepsy is classified using two systems: by seizure type and by epilepsy syndromes. These classifications enable clinicians to describe seizure patterns and select suitable treatment strategies.I. Classification by Seizure Type1. Focal EpilepsyFocal epilepsy begins in one hemisphere of the brain.
Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

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Related Experiment Video

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Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model
07:06

Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Kindling Mouse Model

Published on: June 12, 2018

Epileptogenesis and companion animals.

Edward Ned E Patterson1

  • 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, St Paul, MN.

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine
|September 28, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Epileptogenesis transforms a normal brain into an epileptic one through distinct phases. Research into the latent period offers potential targets for preventing epilepsy, not just treating seizures.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Veterinary Neurology

Background:

  • Epileptogenesis is the progression from a normal to an epileptic brain, characterized by three phases: latent period, recurrent seizures, and refractory epilepsy.
  • Understanding neuronal circuit abnormalities, including glutamate and GABAergic signaling and ion channel function, is crucial for comprehending antiepileptic drug mechanisms in companion animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis, focusing on the latent period.
  • To inform veterinary practitioners about current research and potential future treatments for epilepsy prevention.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on the pathophysiology of the latent period of epileptogenesis.
  • Analysis of neurobiological changes including neurodegeneration, neurogenesis, axonal sprouting, glial activation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and ion channel alterations.
Keywords:
catdogepilepsyepileptogenesisseizure

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Using a Bipolar Electrode to Create a Temporal Lobe Epilepsy Mouse Model by Electrical Kindling of the Amygdala
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Main Results:

  • The latent period involves complex changes such as neurodegeneration, neurogenesis, and glial activation.
  • Subclinical alterations in ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels occur during the latent phase.
  • Inflammatory cell invasion and angiogenesis are also implicated in epileptogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the latent period's pathophysiology is key to developing preventative epilepsy treatments.
  • Future therapeutic strategies may target processes like neuroinflammation and neurogenesis to halt epilepsy development.
  • This knowledge can guide veterinary practitioners in managing both new-onset and refractory epilepsy in dogs and cats.