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Engineering functional anisotropy in fibrocartilage neotissues.

Regina F MacBarb¹, Alison L Chen, Jerry C Hu

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

|October 1, 2013

Summary

Engineered temporomandibular joint (TMJ) discs mimic native tissue by combining biomechanical and bioactive stimulation. This approach successfully recreated the complex structure and anisotropy essential for fibrocartilage function.

Keywords:

Biomimetic material Extracellular matrix Finite element analysis Self-assembly Soft tissue biomechanics

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Engineering
Tissue Engineering
Orthopedics

Background:

Native fibrocartilages like the knee meniscus, intervertebral disc, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc have complex shapes and anisotropic matrix organization.
These native tissue characteristics are crucial for function but are difficult to replicate after injury or disease.

Purpose of the Study:

To engineer fibrocartilages that replicate the gross and molecular structural features of native tissues.
To use self-assembled TMJ discs as a model system due to their unique biconcave shape and functional anisotropy.

Main Methods:

Co-culturing meniscus cells and articular chondrocytes in biconcave, TMJ-shaped molds.
Applying biomechanical (BM) stimulation (passive axial compression) and bioactive agent (BA) stimulation (chondroitinase-ABC and TGF-β1).
Utilizing finite element analysis to understand strain distribution within the engineered tissue.

Main Results:

Combined BM and BA stimulation synergistically increased collagen/wet weight (Col/WW), Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength significantly compared to controls.
The combined stimulation promoted collagen fibril alignment, mimicking native tissue.
Finite element analysis indicated that shape and BM stimulation contribute to direction-dependent strains, driving anisotropic development.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates a method to achieve physiologic anisotropy in engineered fibrocartilage.
Strategic application of spatial, biomechanical, and biochemical cues is key to developing biomaterials that mimic native tissue complexity.
This approach offers insights for regenerating tissues with complex structures and functional anisotropy.