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MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

Abnormal Proliferation

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

MicroRNAs in cancer.

Gianpiero Di Leva¹, Michela Garofalo, Carlo M Croce

¹Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210; email: michela.garofalo@osumc.edu , carlo.croce@osumc.edu.

Annual Review of Pathology

|October 2, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression and are crucial in cellular processes. Their dysregulation is linked to cancer development, highlighting potential for targeted therapies.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

MicroRNA Detection in Prostate Tumors by Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR)

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Published on: May 16, 2012

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells

An In Vitro Protocol for Evaluating MicroRNA Levels, Functions, and Associated Target Genes in Tumor Cells

Published on: May 21, 2019

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Cancer Research

Background:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs regulating gene expression by inhibiting mRNA translation and stability.
miRNAs control fundamental cellular processes including inflammation, cell-cycle regulation, stress response, differentiation, apoptosis, and migration.
Dysregulation of miRNA activity is implicated in the development and progression of various cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a brief overview of miRNA genomics, biogenesis, and function.
To discuss the impact of miRNA dysregulation on cellular pathways driving cancer.
To explore the potential of miRNA-targeted therapies for cancer treatment.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on miRNA biology and cancer.
Analysis of cellular pathways affected by miRNA dysregulation.
Discussion of current and emerging miRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

miRNAs are integral regulators of nearly all intracellular signaling circuits.
Aberrant miRNA expression patterns are a hallmark of cancer cells.
Specific miRNAs can promote or suppress tumor development depending on their targets.

Conclusions:

Understanding miRNA function and dysregulation is key to comprehending cancer biology.
miRNA-based molecular therapies offer promising avenues for cancer treatment.
Further research into miRNA genomics and targeted interventions is warranted.