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Active Filters

Active Filters

Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:

Passive Filters

Passive Filters

Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff frequency...

Series Resonance

Series Resonance

The RLC circuit impedance is defined as the ratio of the supply voltage to the circuit current. Resonance in such a circuit occurs when the imaginary part of this impedance equals zero. This specific condition means that the inductive reactance is exactly equal to the capacitive reactance. The frequency at which this happens is known as the resonant frequency. Mathematically, the resonant frequency is inversely proportional to the square root of the product of the inductance (L) and capacitance...

Characteristics of Series Resonant Circuit

Characteristics of Series Resonant Circuit

Series resonance occurs in a circuit containing inductive (L), capacitive (C), and resistive (R) elements connected sequentially. At the resonance frequency, the inductive and capacitive reactances are equal in magnitude but opposite in sign, effectively canceling each other. This causes the circuit's impedance is minimal, primarily determined by the resistance R. The resonant frequency of an RLC circuit is defined as:

Parallel Resonance

Parallel Resonance

The parallel RLC circuit is an arrangement where the resistor (R), inductor (L), and capacitor (C) are all connected to the same nodes and, as a result, share the same voltage across them. The parallel RLC circuit is analyzed in terms of admittance (Y), which reflects the ease with which current can flow. The admittance is given by:

Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics

Concept of Resonance and its Characteristics

If a driven oscillator needs to resonate at a specific frequency, then very light damping is required. An example of light damping includes playing piano strings and many other musical instruments. Conversely, to achieve small-amplitude oscillations as in a car's suspension system, heavy damping is required. Heavy damping reduces the amplitude, but the tradeoff is that the system responds at more frequencies. Speed bumps and gravel roads prove that even a car's suspension system is not immune...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Design and Characterization Methodology for Efficient Wide Range Tunable MEMS Filters

Published on: February 4, 2018

Tunable filters using wideband elastic resonators.

Michio Kadota, Takashi Ogami, Tetsuya Kimura

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|October 2, 2013

Summary

Researchers developed an ultra-wideband resonator for tunable filters. This advancement offers a wider tunable range, crucial for modern communication systems like mobile phones and cognitive radios.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Acoustic Devices

Background:

Tunable filters with wide tunable ranges are essential for multi-band mobile phones and cognitive radio systems.
Existing Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) resonators offer insufficient bandwidth for these applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To fabricate an ultra-wideband resonator capable of achieving wide tunable ranges for filters.
To investigate the performance of a novel SH0-mode plate wave resonator.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of an SH0-mode plate wave resonator using a 27.5°YX-LiNbO3 plate.
Construction of two types of tunable filters utilizing the fabricated resonators and capacitors.

Main Results:

Achieved an ultra-wide bandwidth of 29.1% with the SH0-mode resonator.
Obtained high impedance ratio (98 dB) and high Q factors (Q(r) = 700, Q(a) = 720).
Demonstrated tunable filter ranges from 13% to 19%.

Conclusions:

The developed SH0-mode resonator enables ultra-wideband performance, exceeding limitations of previous SAW resonators.
The resonator shows potential for high-frequency gigahertz applications in advanced tunable filters.