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Sleep Apnea

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...

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Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Assessment of Ventilation II: Respiratory Depth and Rhythm

Respiratory Depth
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Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

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The chest configuration can...

Other Pulmonary Disorders

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Correlates of obstructive apnea duration.

Brian B Koo¹, Ali Mansour

¹Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA, koobri@gmail.com.

|October 2, 2013

Summary

Longer obstructive sleep apnea events are linked to a greater tendency for arousal, particularly in older individuals and during REM sleep. This arousal tendency is more pronounced in women with long apnea.

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Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Area of Science:

Sleep Medicine
Respiratory Physiology

Background:

Obstructive apnea duration varies with factors like gender, age, body position, and sleep state.
Apnea termination is thought to involve a critical negative inspiratory force leading to cortical arousal.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between obstructive apnea duration and the tendency for arousal.
To test the hypothesis that longer apnea events are associated with a reduced tendency for arousal.

Main Methods:

Analysis of polysomnographic data from 140 obstructive apnea patients (AHI > 5).
Subjects categorized into 'long' and 'short' apnea groups based on median duration.
Comparison of demographic, sleep, and arousal tendency (Respiratory event-related arousal to AHI ratio - RespArI:AHI) between groups.

Main Results:

Longer apnea duration observed in older individuals, supine position, and REM sleep.
The respiratory event-related arousal to AHI ratio (RespArI:AHI) was significantly higher in the long apnea group (0.58) compared to the short apnea group (0.43).
This difference in arousal tendency was more pronounced in women than in men.

Conclusions:

Long obstructive apnea events are more frequent in older adults, during supine sleep, and REM sleep.
Individuals with longer obstructive apnea events exhibit a greater tendency toward arousal.
Women with long apnea demonstrate a more significant tendency toward arousal compared to men.