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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Transgenic Organisms00:53

Transgenic Organisms

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
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Published on: June 17, 2025

Transgenerational developmental programming.

Catherine E Aiken1, Susan E Ozanne

  • 1University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.

Human Reproduction Update
|October 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early life environment impacts offspring health, with effects potentially extending across generations. The intrauterine environment plays a key role in transmitting these developmental programming effects, especially with advancing maternal age.

Keywords:
animal modelsdevelopmentfetalprogrammingtransgenerational

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Reproductive health

Background:

  • Developmental programming links early life environment to later-life disease susceptibility, like metabolic syndrome.
  • Emerging evidence suggests these programming effects can persist across generations without continued adverse exposure.
  • This review focuses on transgenerational effects and their underlying mechanisms, particularly the intrauterine environment's role.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for transgenerational developmental programming effects.
  • To evaluate mechanisms of transmission to subsequent generations.
  • To highlight the intrauterine environment's contribution to programmed phenotypes in later generations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed and Google Scholar.
  • Identification of studies on transgenerational (F2 and beyond) developmental programming.
  • Inclusion of both human populations and animal models.

Main Results:

  • Transmission often considered epigenetic inheritance (maternal/paternal lines).
  • Evidence supports germline and somatic epigenetic modification inheritance.
  • Increasing evidence points to extra-genomic factors and intrauterine environment interactions in propagation.

Conclusions:

  • Suboptimal intrauterine or maternal reproductive tract environments are critical for maternal line transmission.
  • Advanced maternal age may increase the likelihood of transmitting programmed metabolic phenotypes.
  • Developmental programming effects may propagate de novo via the intrauterine environment beyond F2, not solely through direct epigenetic inheritance.