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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction01:26

Transient Ischemic Attack l: Introduction

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by a temporary, focal reduction in cerebral blood flow. Although symptoms resemble those of an ischemic stroke, the interruption in perfusion is short-lived and does not cause permanent infarction. TIAs are clinically important because they often serve as early warning events for future stroke.Mechanisms of Transient Cerebral IschemiaTransient cerebral ischemia may arise through several mechanisms. One...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Traumatic encephalopathy.

Carolyn M Benson1, Gordon Bryan Young

  • 1Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|October 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) assessment is challenging. Advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiology reveal awareness in unresponsive patients, opening new communication possibilities.

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Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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04:19

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Published on: June 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a primary cause of death and disability in young adults.
  • Clinical TBI assessment has limitations in accuracy for determining brain damage extent.
  • Neurophysiological and neuroimaging methods offer prognostic value and monitoring capabilities for secondary brain injury.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of advanced neurophysiological and neuroimaging techniques in TBI assessment.
  • To investigate the potential for detecting awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness post-TBI.
  • To explore new avenues for communication with unresponsive TBI patients.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized cognitive electrophysiology and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  • Assessed patients clinically diagnosed as vegetative or minimally conscious.
  • Compared advanced technique findings with clinical evaluations.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive electrophysiology and fMRI identified awareness in patients previously considered unresponsive.
  • These advanced methods provide more accurate prognostic information than clinical evaluation alone.
  • Demonstrated the potential for detecting covert consciousness in TBI patients.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced neuroimaging and electrophysiology are crucial for accurate TBI assessment and prognosis.
  • These techniques can reveal hidden awareness in patients with disorders of consciousness.
  • Future research can focus on developing communication strategies for these patients.