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Related Concept Videos

Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Cerebral Hemispheres01:05

Cerebral Hemispheres

The human brain, a complex organ, is functionally divided into two cerebral hemispheres—left and right. These hemispheres are interconnected by a structure of paramount importance, the corpus callosum. This substantial bundle of neural fibers is not just a bridge between the hemispheres but a crucial element for the brain's comprehensive functioning. It enables efficient communication between the two hemispheres, allowing each side of the brain to control and receive sensory and motor...
Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
06:13

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity

Published on: January 19, 2024

A Review on the Functional Connectivity of the Human Opercular Cortex.

Irina Oane1, Andrei Barborica2, Ioana Mindruta1,3

  • 1University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Romania.

Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society
|June 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The opercular cortex, part of the brain overlying the insula, has 16 subregions. These regions show distinct functional connections supporting salience, sensorimotor, auditory, and language processing.

Keywords:
CCEPEffective connectivityEpilepsy surgeryFunctional connectivityOpercular cortex

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Combining a Breath-Synchronized Olfactometer with Brain Simulation to Study the Impact of Odors on Corticospinal Excitability and Effective Connectivity
06:13

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Published on: January 19, 2024

Recording and Analyzing Multimodal Large-Scale Neuronal Ensemble Dynamics on CMOS-Integrated High-Density Microelectrode Array
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Recording and Analyzing Multimodal Large-Scale Neuronal Ensemble Dynamics on CMOS-Integrated High-Density Microelectrode Array

Published on: March 8, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Brain Anatomy
  • Functional Connectivity

Background:

  • The opercular cortex, located above the insula, is an extension of the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes within the lateral fissure.
  • This brain region has been extensively studied, with recent atlases identifying up to 16 distinct subregions within the frontal, parietal, and temporal opercula.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To delineate the connectivity patterns of the opercular cortex subdivisions.
  • To understand the functional roles of these subregions in various cognitive and sensory processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized complementary brain mapping techniques including functional neuroimaging.
  • Employed source connectivity analysis on electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) signals.
  • Applied effective connectivity measures from intracranial EEG and cortico-cortical evoked potentials.

Main Results:

  • Identified significant bidirectional connections between opercular cortex subdivisions and the insular cortex.
  • The anterior insula preferentially connects with the frontal operculum (OpF) and temporal operculum.
  • The posterior insula demonstrates connections with all opercular subdivisions, which are also interconnected.
  • OpF shows functional links to the cingulate cortex (salience processing) and regions involved in language processing.
  • Parietal operculum connects with sensorimotor and parietal areas for sensorimotor and vestibular functions.
  • Temporal operculum connects with temporal and parietal regions for auditory, vestibular, and language processing.

Conclusions:

  • The opercular cortex exhibits complex connectivity patterns with the insula and other cortical areas.
  • Specific subregions of the opercular cortex are functionally specialized for distinct roles, including salience detection, sensorimotor integration, and language.
  • These findings enhance our understanding of the functional organization of the lateral fissure brain regions.