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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast, mTORC2 consists of a rapamycin-insensitive companion...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Protein Import into the Peroxisomes

Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes enzymatically convert the released hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomal Protein Import:
Peroxisomes lack the genetic machinery required to code for their own proteins. Hence, most peroxisomal membrane, lumenal and transmembrane proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm or ER and transported to the peroxisome...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 7, 2026

Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method

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Published on: October 23, 2018

TSC on the peroxisome controls mTORC1.

Don Benjamin¹, Michael N Hall

¹Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH4056 Basel, Switzerland.

Nature Cell Biology

|October 3, 2013

Summary

The tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) on peroxisomes inhibits mTORC1 signaling. This localization allows mTOR to distinguish between different cellular inputs, maintaining homeostasis.

Area of Science:

Cellular Biology
Molecular Biology
Biochemistry

Background:

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a critical regulator of cell growth, proliferation, and survival.
Cellular homeostasis relies on the integration of various extracellular and intracellular signals by mTOR.
Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is implicated in numerous diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders.

Discussion:

The study identifies the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), a known inhibitor of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), localized to peroxisomes.
Peroxisomal TSC inhibits mTORC1 in response to endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS).
This compartmentalization suggests a mechanism for mTOR to integrate distinct signaling inputs at specific cellular locations.

Key Insights:

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Isolation of Primary Mouse Hepatocytes for Nascent Protein Synthesis Analysis by Non-radioactive L-azidohomoalanine Labeling Method

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Published on: October 23, 2018

Monitoring Stub1-Mediated Pexophagy

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Peroxisomal localization of TSC provides a spatial control mechanism for mTORC1 signaling.

mTORC1 activity can be modulated by ROS via the peroxisomal TSC complex.

Spatial segregation of signaling inputs allows mTOR to avoid signal crosstalk and maintain cellular balance.

Outlook:

Further investigation into the precise molecular mechanisms of peroxisomal TSC-mTORC1 interaction.
Exploring the role of peroxisomal signaling in other cellular processes regulated by mTOR.
Potential therapeutic strategies targeting peroxisomal mTORC1 regulation for disease treatment.